Hungary’s Geopolitical Strategy in the Context of the European Union and
the Organization of Turkic States: National Interests, Roles, and
Implications (The Orbán Era, 2010–2026)
Mahsa Mehdizadeh Youshanlouei
Abstract. This study analyzes Hungary’s foreign policy orientation between 2010 and 2026 within the framework of its positioning between the European Union (EU) and the Organization of Turkic States (OTS). It examines Hungary’s “Eastern Opening” (Keleti Nyitás) policy as a multidimensional strategy that integrates economic pragmatism with identity-based foreign policy narratives. By combining hedging theory and constructivist approaches, the study explains how Hungary maintains its institutional embeddedness within Western structures while simultaneously expanding its external partnerships toward Eurasian actors. The findings indicate that Hungary seeks to preserve the economic and institutional benefits of EU membership while increasing its strategic autonomy through engagement with the OTS and broader Eastern networks. Energy security, economic diversification, and geopolitical positioning constitute the main pillars of this strategy. Historical and cultural narratives, particularly Turanism, operate as legitimizing identity frameworks that reinforce Hungary’s eastward-oriented diplomatic engagement.
Keywords: Hungary, European Union, Organization of Turkic States, hedging strategy, Eastern Opening, foreign policy, Turanism