The Role of Didactic Principles in Teaching the Topic of “Orthophosphoric Acid”
Nigar Babayeva1* 
, Samir Ismayilov2
Abstract. The article investigates the conceptual mechanisms and the scientific-methodological role of applying didactic principles in teaching the topic of orthophosphoric acid, which constitutes one of the fundamental sections of the inorganic chemistry course in general education schools. Based on the paradigms of modern chemistry education, the authors note that the primary objective of the educational process should not be limited merely to the formation of declarative theoretical knowledge in students, but should also target the development of functional application skills of this knowledge in real practice and industry. The study comprehensively analyzes the molecular structure, stepwise dissociation characteristics, and multi-type salt formation mechanisms of orthophosphoric acid within the context of the didactic principles of scientific consistency, systematicity, visibility, consciousness, and real-life connectedness. The structuring of the chemical nature of the substance by dividing it into general and specific property blocks via a deductive approach is extensively highlighted in the text. Furthermore, new methodological proposals regarding the integration of interactive methods, mind maps, and digital visual tools into the process have been put forward. The final results prove that the integrative model based on didactic principles facilitates the concretization of abstract concepts, significantly enhances the effectiveness of the training process, and stimulates the development of students' scientific worldview, analytical abilities, and logical thinking.
Keywords: didactic principles, scientific consistency, systematicity, inorganic acids, orthophosphoric acid, deductive method