Characteristics of the “Caucasus Calendar” as a
Historical-Demographic Source
Saida Guliyeva 
Abstract. This research analyzes the “Caucasus Calendar” (“Kavkazskiy Kalendar”) series as a historical-demographic source and explores its unique characteristics. By drawing comparative parallels with global practices, the study substantiates the role of demographic data in state administration and scientific research. The materials of the Caucasus Calendar, which constitutes the primary object of this research, are analyzed in terms of population size, ethno-religious composition, rural-urban ratios, and natural population growth. The importance of the statistical tables and the cameral surveys conducted during the imperial period in reconstructing the ethno-demographic map of the region is highlighted. While noting the methodological limitations of the source, the author demonstrates the crucial significance of this collection for tracking the processes following the Russian occupation of Azerbaijan. Through the scientific analysis of historical records, the study contributes to the implementation of global sustainable development goals, specifically in terms of sustainable settlement and the restoration of historical justice. The "Caucasian Calendar" collection, which covers the period from the mid-19th to the early 20th centuries, is important as a reliable statistical source for tracing the demographic, administrative, and socio-economic history of the region.
Keywords: “Caucasus Calendar”, historical demography sources, census records, Russian Empire, Azerbaijan, sustainable settlement, historical justice