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ANCIENT LAND 2026
Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Urbanization as Determinants of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Algeria: An ARDL Approach, 1990–2025
Cherf Nassira 
Abstract. This study aims to analyze the determinants of carbon dioxide emissions in Algeria over the period 1990–2025,It examines the effects of economic growth, trade openness, and urbanization on CO₂ emissions,The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is employed to investigate both short-run and long-run relationships,The results indicate the existence of a long-run relationship among the variables under study. Trade openness has a negative and statistically significant effect on CO₂ emissions,In contrast, urbanization has a positive and statistically significant effect, while economic growth has no significant long-run effect. These findings highlight the importance of integrated economic and environmental policies to promote sustainable growth and reduce CO₂ emissions. Industrial clusters show how spatial organization of economic activity affects environmental performance. To examine the determinants of CO₂ emissions in Algeria during 1990–2025, this study adopts the Fourier-ARDL approach to analyze both short-run dynamics and long-run relationships while accounting for smooth structural changes.
Keywords: CO₂ emissions, economic growth, trade openness, urbanization, ARDL, cointegration, Algeria
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