DOI: https://doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/58/16-19
Fidan Musayeva
Baku State University
Bachelor
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6954-065X
musayevaf.03@gmail.com
Narmina Abdullayeva
Baku State University
PhD in Biology
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6954-065X
abdullaeva-narmina@rambler.ru
Cortisol and its Role in the Development of Diseases
Abstract
Oxidative stress arises from excessive accumulation of free radicals in the body, imbalanced synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruption of antioxidant defense mechanisms. ROS mainly include oxygen ions (superoxide anion), free radicals, and peroxides derived from mitochondria or NADPH oxidase. Accumulated ROS react with lipids, proteins and DNA, leading to apoptosis and disruption of protein synthesis. Among ROS superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, which act as critical messengers initiating changes in cellular signaling, are key mediators in diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Keywords: free radicals, oxidative stress, carbohydrate metabolism, superoxide anion, neurodegenerative diseases